This theory accounts for why the group velocity has recently been observed to be zero, negative or greater than c, and the de Broglie equation v sup p v sub g = c squared is developed for use in ECE theory and general relativity. If the numerator in eq. (5) is greater than omega, then v sub g is greater than c. Unlike the standard model this may allow for superluminal signalling, the signal velocity v sub g is greater than c. There are many reports by now of superluminal signalling. Superluminal effects may occur in matter waves.
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